United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. International Film Festivals of Valladolid and San Sebastian are the oldest and more relevant in Spain. With a population exceeding 47.3 million, Spain is the sixth-most populous country in Europe, and the fourth-most populous country in the European Union. [122] After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution - a culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. Barcelona has hosted the Mobile World Congress since 2006. Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias. The Castilian language—more commonly known (especially later in history and at present) as "Spanish" after becoming the national language and lingua franca of Spain—evolved from Vulgar Latin, as did other Romance languages of Spain like the Catalan, Asturian and Galician languages, as well as other Romance languages in Latin Europe. During the Romantic period, José Zorrilla created one of the most emblematic figures in European literature in Don Juan Tenorio. [181][182][183] On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached an instantaneous historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand[184] and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 nuclear reactors. The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown[129] stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first. [163] This early global expansion is a competitive advantage over its competitors and European neighbours. Large numbers of indigenous Americans died in battle against the Spaniards during the conquest,[67] while others died from various other causes. The Protestant Reformation dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. After the Glorious Revolution of 1868 and the short-lived First Spanish Republic, the latter yielded to a stable monarchic period, the Restoration, a rigid bipartisan regime fuelled up by the turnismo (the prearranged rotation of government control between liberals and conservatives) and the form of political representation at the countryside (based on clientelism) known as caciquismo [es].[85]. Autonomous Communities. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.[228]. Distinct traditional identities within Spain include the Basques, Catalans, Galicians, Andalusians and Valencians,[217] although to some extent all of the 17 autonomous communities may claim a distinct local identity. In their respective regions, the traditional games of Basque pelota and Valencian pilota both are popular. Physiographically, Europe and South Asia are peninsulas of the Eurasian landmass. Other main airports are located in Majorca (23 million passengers), Málaga (13 million passengers), Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) (11 million passengers), Alicante (10 million passengers) and smaller, with the number of passengers between 4 and 10 million, for example Tenerife (two airports), Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Ibiza, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura. Seneca was a philosopher residing in Spain during the time of the Roman Empire. [50] There were mass killings in Aragon in the mid-14th century, and 12,000 Jews were killed in Toledo. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. [227] Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. During the period of Muslim rule in Al-Andalus, Muslim, Jewish and Christian philosophies flourished, including the works of such philosophers such as Ibn Arabi, Averroes and Maimonides. In the anarcho-sindicalist trend of the labour movement in Spain, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo was founded in 1910 and Federación Anarquista Ibérica in 1927. [194] Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%). This status permitted Christians and Jews to practice their religions as People of the Book but they were required to pay a special tax and had legal and social rights inferior to those of Muslims. [113], On 31 January 2020, the COVID-19 virus was confirmed to have spread to Spain. The famous Don Quijote de La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes was written in this time. In 1229 Majorca was conquered, so was Valencia in 1238. [23], There is the claim that "Hispania" derives from the Basque word Ezpanna meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent. The Generation of 1927, where poets Pedro Salinas, Jorge Guillén, Federico García Lorca, Vicente Aleixandre, Dámaso Alonso. Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They reside primarily on the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or telecommute. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate. 4 years ago. [31] The Spanish-Gothic scholars such as Braulio of Zaragoza and Isidore of Seville played an important role in keeping the classical Greek and Roman culture. Spanish is the official language throughout the entire country, although there are multiple co-official languages that vary by region: Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian. Sisebut and Suintila completed the expulsion of the Byzantines from Spain. By the mid-1990s the economy had commenced the growth that had been disrupted by the global recession of the early 1990s. The ten most populous islands of Spain (2019): Mainland Spain is a mountainous country, dominated by high plateaus and mountain chains. [219][220][221][222][223] There are also the mercheros (also quinquis), a formerly nomadic minority group. Spain needed every hand it could take during the seemingly endless wars of the eighteenth century—the Spanish War of Succession or Queen Anne's War (1702–13), the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–42) which became the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48), the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)—and its new disciplined militias served around the Atlantic as needed. Europe is a continent attached to the western part of Asia, It's bordered by the Glacial Artic Sea in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean sea in the south and the Ural Mountains in the east. The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the centuries-long period in which Christian rule was re-established over the Iberian Peninsula. This question is part of Unit 1-5 Reviewer. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam,[253] Judaism,[254] and evangelical Christianity[255] is also recognised in law. Spain’s 2018 nominal GDP is estimated to reach $1.360 trillion with a GDP per capita expected to stand at $29,800. The War of the Spanish Succession was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent. Other Romance minority languages, though not official, have special recognition, such as the Astur-Leonese language (asturianu, bable[242] or llionés) in Asturias and in northwestern Castile and León, and Aragonese (aragonés) in Aragon. The Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law let people of Franco's regime continue inside institutions without consequences, even perpetrators of some crimes during transition to democracy like the Massacre of 3 March 1976 in Vitoria or 1977 Massacre of Atocha. Juan Luis Vives was another prominent humanist during this period. The capture of the strategically central city of Toledo in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms. The continent’s nominal GDP in 2016 was $19.7 trillion and its PPP was $25.9 trillion. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe's most ancient cities Cádiz and Málaga. [235] The programme had little effect; during its first two months, just 1,400 immigrants took up the offer. Phiros became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain. [109][110] Later that day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Mr Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election. In 2019, the population of Spain officially reached 47 million people, as recorded by the Padrón municipal (Spain's Municipal Register). In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community. [citation needed], The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. Store formats. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) during their coldest month, thus having a tropical climate. Fresh vegetables and fruits produced through intensive irrigation farming also became important export commodities, as did sunflower seed oil that was produced to compete with the more expensive olive oils in oversupply throughout the Mediterranean countries of the European Community. Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the Spanish Empire expanded to include vast areas in the Americas, islands in the Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Having conquered these, they turned their arms against the Byzantines, who treacherously slew their leaders; but for this treachery, the Spaniards, under Bernard of Rocafort and Berenguer of Entenca, exacted the terrible penalty celebrated in history as "The Catalan Vengeance" and seized the Frankish Duchy of Athens (1311). As a member of NATO since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. The Islamic transmission of the classics is the main Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe. Título preliminar", "Number of the Week: $10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing", "Rabbits, fish and mice, but no rock hyrax", "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. That year the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In the late 19th century nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and Cuba. Continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. This was an Age of Discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844, but were heavily defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias at A Coruña. [188] The former Minister of Industry Miguel Sebastián said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."[189]. Alonso Berruguete (Valladolid School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". [243], State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO, followed by a referendum after a strong social opposition. [198], In 2017, the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Spain was 1.33 children born per woman,[199] one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. [167], In 2010, the Basque city of Bilbao was awarded with the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize,[168] and its mayor at the time, Iñaki Azkuna, was awarded the World Mayor Prize in 2012. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE.[24]. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the Policía Autónoma Andaluza[155] in Andalusia or the BESCAM in Madrid. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep Mediterranean roots. Miscegenation was the rule between the native and the Spanish cultures and people. Spain is in Europe. a legislative assembly whose members must be elected by, a government council, with executive and administrative functions headed by a president, elected by the Legislative Assembly and nominated by the. On the world map, Morocco is between the latitudes 27° and 36° north, and the longitudes 1° and 14° west. The country is part of Europe's Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with Portugal, Andorra, and part of France. Spanish mysticism provided an important intellectual resource against Protestantism with Carmelites like Teresa of Ávila, a reformist nun and John of the Cross, a priest, taking the lead in their reform movement. The given Spain location map shows that Spain is located in the south-western part of Europe continent. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. In the 19th and 20th centuries, science in Spain was held back by severe political instability and consequent economic underdevelopment. [citation needed], Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (Roman Catholic), national and local observances. Only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy. Mario Camus and Pilar Miró worked together in Curro Jiménez. [94] The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but has continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy. [citation needed], During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included El Greco, José de Ribera, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo and Francisco Zurbarán. [190][191] As of 2019, Spain has a total of over 3,400 km (2,112.66 mi) of high-speed tracks[192] linking Málaga, Seville, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Valladolid, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to 310 km/h (190 mph). [99], The proportion of Spain's foreign born population increased rapidly during its economic boom in the early 2000s, but then declined due to the financial crisis. The Canary and Balearic Islands are also Provinces. The Reconquista is viewed as beginning with the Battle of Covadonga won by Don Pelayo in 722 and was concurrent with the period of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula. [35][36], The Muslim community in the Iberian Peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. [131][132], The Spanish claim makes a distinction between the isthmus that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the one hand, and the Rock and city of Gibraltar on the other. [39] 70 Viking ships were captured and burned. 1478 commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in 1492, the combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada from its last ruler Muhammad XII, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. [102], The bursting of the Spanish property bubble in 2008 led to the 2008–16 Spanish financial crisis. The regime remained chiefly "neutral" from a nominal standpoint in the Second World War (it briefly switched its position to "non-belligerent"), although it was sympathetic to the Axis and provided the Nazi Wehrmacht with Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front. In which continent is Spain? 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