����;��/UHC�`xs|��Sa���������)Ճ����&��C���B㋌����&���$ 4��$�.�P���v�M�k�$�Ck�J0����͞�}i'��9�K)���"s2!����gQ�¥�6Ql{^�8��:-$�&�t�f�B�߹��Uqd��x� �sfRd��h�׺�y�_��'���ReWֶ$sl�L��{��-P���;v]т���Z3zk�2 ESSENCE, DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS, ROLE OF FAMILY, EDUCATION AND SOCIETY IN INCULCATION OF VALUES, ETHICS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS. 0000005805 00000 n For example- Gandhi ji was a lawyer by profession. Intention – When the target of persuasion knows that someone is trying to persuade him ie. Through the Human Services concentration, you can gain knowledge to help create meaningful and positive change in your community. The crux of the persuasion process can be summarized in “Who says what to whom with what effect?”. The persuader presents himself/herself as a likable person and in a positive light. Active means something that is written or spoken to others. For successful persuasion, it is necessary that the information being passed to audience is received in a form as intended by the communicator, the information is deciphered and processed by the audience, and further, the information is internalized by the audience. It distinguishes two kinds of intelligent human behavior. 115 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 118 /H [ 1098 576 ] /L 222850 /E 13405 /N 27 /T 220431 >> endobj xref 115 24 0000000016 00000 n Two sided messages are generally more powerful in persuasion given that the arguments against the desired position are countered effectively, so as the arguments in support of the desired positions are stronger. Some of the techniques are-. 4. His expertise was law but he was able to persuade millions of Indians because of his trustworthiness emanating from his uncompromising stand on nonviolence, self-sacrifice and satyagraha. For instance –Gifts are given at the launch of new product to persuade the audience to buy it. We explain The Ethics of Persuasion with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers. 53 Ethical Ideology and Moral Persuasion: Personal Moral Philosophy, Gender, and Judgments of Pro- and Anti- Animal Research Propaganda Darcy Nickell and Harold A. Herzog, Jr.1 WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY We examined the relationship between personal moral philosophy, gen- der, and judgments of the effectiveness of materials designed by advocacy groups to sway public opinion … Sometimes even the most potent persuasion attempt may not change the attitude of the target in the desired direction. in persuasion: Everyone knows the appeal or tactic is unethi-cal, so there is nothing to talk about. For instance, online shopping portals use this option to persuade larger number of shoppers. This model is called Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion. It involves voluntary, active, and public commitments. Figure 3. Another similar model of persuasion is Elaboration likelihood model. Discuss ethical responsibility across communication contexts. 0000009444 00000 n Aristotle was the first ethical philosopher who has given the model of attitude change. Psychological Reactance- It refers to state when individuals feel that their freedom is being threatened by persuasion attempts and yet they also have the ability to resist that influence. The message can be delivered only in written form, through posters and picture, through audio or video channels or through impersonal interaction or through a combination of all these. Most effective persuasion technique involves convergence of all three element of ethos, pathos and logos. Understanding of how to persuade different people is needed to ensure that mutually acceptable solutions are reached for complex problems. Scott Adams, in his new book, Win Bigly: Persuasion in a World Where Facts Don’t Matter, forcefully argues for Trump’s brilliance.Trump is proficient in the art of political persuasion; what looks crazy is in fact the work of a “Master Persuader.” %PDF-1.4 %���� The trustworthiness not only comes from expertise but also from proven track record of values like integrity, honesty, justice etc. There are 3 possible ways to reduce or eliminate dissonance-. If someone is forced to make an active, public commitment that they didn’t decide on themselves, then there is no persuasion involved. For instance, advertisements of toothpaste features dentist as they are expert in their field. The more likely people are to elaborate on a message (to relate it to other things they know, which means thinking about it) the less likely they are to show an unthinking, automatic positive emotional response to it. Furthermore, communicators are more effective when they help their recipients feel good about themselves—that is, by appealing to self-concern of the recipient. As the person has made initial commitment there is more likelihood that he will comply with the new terms. But, persuasion through spontaneous or peripheral route is not long lasting as the underlying belief is not changed. Systematic persuasion is the process through which attitudes or beliefs are leveraged by … 0000006672 00000 n This liking is for those who are similar to us, who pay us compliments, and who cooperate with us towards mutual goals. A source may be seen as biased if they present only one side of an issue while completely ignoring the potential problems or counterarguments to the message. Understanding the mechanism of self-persuasion is very important for a civil servant because by creating conditions conducive to self-persuasion, the attitude of the subordinate employee in government organizations can be changed in a favorable manner, thus improving the overall work culture. �/z��iN�v�s�*��L���rT��>����[����u��F1��3T�ٝ��'Z:�\V����O�����.��C|³C\]��s������gyO��I�d��#���?7�ɼ��#�Gd�:$���pV8;�X`���r� �@&�c��8EV*8j endstream endobj 130 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 389 481 556 556 1000 722 278 333 333 556 600 278 333 278 389 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 600 600 600 500 800 722 611 611 722 556 500 722 722 278 389 667 500 944 722 778 556 778 611 556 556 722 667 1000 667 667 556 333 389 333 600 500 278 556 611 444 611 556 389 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 444 389 611 556 889 556 556 500 333 222 333 600 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 800 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 600 278 278 278 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Frutiger-Bold /FontDescriptor 121 0 R >> endobj 131 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 1 /space /a52 /a73 ] >> endobj 132 0 obj << /Length 2695 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream For example- The rural population have more affinity towards nukkad-natak for persuasion while for educated section logical reasoning, facts, figures, researches are more important than emotional appeal. Further, a person can hold two exactly opposite believes or cognitions regarding the same attitude object. As an art or theory of discovering all available means of persuasion for a given situation, rhetoric is morally neutral in Aristotle's view, but as application or practice, rhetoric becomes in varying degrees either ethical or unethical, In Rowland and Womack's interpretation of Aristotle, ethical rhetoric as practice represents a mean between the extremes of pure logic on the one hand and of irrational appeals to … provide strong assurance that the recommended course of action will prevent the dire consequences. Adding information to support either cognition or to support his behavior. People with low intelligence are more susceptible to persuasive communications that have image-based appeal and which can arouse emotions. �����>7d�D���{�j����Zi*������3�W�b���I; In conducive environment, people will listen to themselves and will automatically generate arguments that have personal relevance for them, thus self-persuading themselves. Although, in self-persuasion a person persuades himself, there are certain conditions required to ensure that self-persuasion happens. Explain the different perspectives of ethics in persuasion and how each of them The vast majority of scientists deploy science either in line with their ethics or because of their ethics. Greater the number of channels of communication involved, greater is the effectiveness of persuasive message. When people are convinced that the motivation to change their action has come from within themselves then there is very low resistance to the change. ��� �0�FT�B��i]m�ì��8@�CQe Since Donald J. Trump entered the presidential race in June 2015, commentators have wondered whether he is mentally ill, brilliant, or both. Hold your storehouse in reserve and select only the facts you need. Authoritative persuasion here means that a person with real or perceived high status ... Personhood is what makes us most distinctly human, ... Public Health Ethics. Nevertheless, potential ethical questions exist re-gardless of how they are answered. Definitions will be provided and key areas of evolution and debate within the field will be addressed. Then, making it public. When others witness this commitment, it adds a level of accountability to the statement. Public health communications are pervasive in a way that coercive public health interventions are not: whereas the latter usually come into play only in limited and specialized circumstances, such as disease quarantine and isolation, many, if not most persons are exposed on a regular basis to risk and health messages promulgated by public health agencies. They are more sensitive to situational cues and adjust their behavior accordingly. The degree requires 36 credit hours spread across four successive semesters: Fall, Spring, Summer, and the following Fall. When communicator can motivate people to process the message carefully and thoughtfully, then the communicator is going to be able to present strong and persuasive arguments with the expectation that the audience will attend to them. Thus, the likelihood of elaboration predicts the amount of attitude change. Spontaneous messages are either pleasant or fearful in nature. persuasive intent of the source is known, then the credibility of the source decreases. Recomm… Drive slowly, someone is waiting for you in your home (emotional appeal). The central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ethics in public relations. Psychologists have identified certain techniques which are often used by people to persuade others to agree with them. People receiving such gifts from persuader are more likely to be influenced than others. And there was an argu- ... purpose to influence others in some way to some degree. Addition of additional agreement makes the deal more attractive and more persuasive. Reciprocity involves giving out something which is meaningful, unexpected, and customized. A breakdown of the arguments given in favour of abolishing (or against reintroducing) the death penalty. 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ethics of human persuasion degree

ethics of human persuasion degree

By inKatowice

A purely rational definition of science is inherently psychopathic and fortunately not accurate. Similarly, people with lower self-esteem are easily persuaded because of their desire to conform to the general norms. Trustworthiness – A trustworthy source is more credible than non-trustworthy source. He should be provided relevant information and encouraged to undergo favorable change. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, p. 139. Derogation Of The Source- When the credibility of the source of the persuasive message is attacked then the effectiveness of the persuasive message is reduced. One and two-sided messages are differentially persuasive for different kind of audiences. Aristotelian model of persuasion is based on the triad of ‘ethos’, ‘pathos’ and ‘logos’. Similarly, the pictorial warning on cigarette packet invokes fear to persuade smokers to quit smoking. Forewarning– If the target is warned that he will be subjected to persuasion attempt then he can be prepared with the counter argument so as to defend his own position. 0000001098 00000 n Inoculation/Immunization –It involves building up the cognitive component of the attitude by presenting a weak attack on the existing attitude with the goal of helping the person create counter-arguments about a persuasion attempt that is expected to come in the future. The comprehensibility and clarity of the message is an important determinant of persuasion, if people cannot understand the message, it is unlikely that they will be persuaded by it. Communication ethics concerns the creation and evaluation of goodness in all aspects and manifestations of communicative interaction. Wikipedia defines ethical persuasion as “a human being's internal ability to treat others with respect, understanding, caring, and fairness in order to understand themselves and others.” Apply ethics to political persuasion and adapting the audience. The bipartite ethical psychology is a human psychology based upon the fact that we describe and classify human behavior in terms of emotional response and reasoned deliberation (128). It involves making an initial unreasonable request that the target is likely to refuse outrightly, then making the original intended request. 0000002240 00000 n Generally people are easily persuaded by those they like. A person believes that the locus of control of his action lies within himself and not on external conditions. There are certain factors that can reduce the possibility of persuasion-. The study of attitude and ‘how’ and ‘why’ people behave in certain way has been an area of discussion since ancient times, and consequently attitude change has also instigated many thoughts. Expertise – Expert communicator having information about the attitude object is more reliable and thus has ability to persuade larger number of people. Credibility of the source has an effect on persuasion, such that credible source are more persuasive than non-credible source. Thoughtful processing, on the other hand, is more controlled and involves a more careful cognitive elaboration of the meaning of the message. The designer’s intent, methods of persuasion, and outcomes help to determine the ethics of persuasive technology. 0000003303 00000 n For example- persuading parents to get their child vaccinated to avoid fatal diseases. Persuasion is a process of inducing change in ideas, beliefs and attitude of other persons or group about some issue in a predetermined direction. More specifically, it is a rebuke of the common practice in Silicon Valley of designing products with the Rhetoric is not only an activity and area of study for the privileged and powerful It is more important that arguments are given to change the belief system of the critical persons but evaluation and conclusion should be left to their own discretion. Unlike direct persuasion, self-persuasion entails placing people in situations where they are motivated to persuade themselves to change. Be familiar with their neighborhood, local issues, basic values, language style (use of diction, cliches, homilies), source of local pride and discontent, the nature of usual influence media, attitudes on the issue in question, and the like. (E`�W_�o!i�-�3h�ά�YE��r �P�����1��U�e��+}� �zD�"�}+�Y�~�(�x� Peter Albert David Singer AC (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher.He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and a Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne.He specialises in applied ethics and approaches ethical issues from a secular, utilitarian perspective. In such discussions, we tend to focus on the degree of human control necessary to justly prosecute the violence of war. Ample opportunity and space should be provided to the person facing cognitive dissonance for self-deliberation and contemplation so that he can really evaluate his beliefs and feelings. There are three characteristics of a credible source-. Example- an advertisement of a product is less effective in persuading a person than the opinion of a friend on the same product. Not only age group but the gender is also an important factor as women are easy to be persuaded than man. The effectiveness of persuasion depends on different variables and factors. Ethical persuasion applies to more than selling products in the financial services industry. Although I registered hundreds of individual compliance tactics, the great majority of techniques could be understood in terms of only a few universal principles of human behavior. All first-year MBA students take a 15-week Kelley Foundations Core, also known as X504.The Critical Thinking course, taught by business law and ethics … Rational persuasion is distinguished in this dominant typology from coercion (influence by force, depriving the coerced person of choice entirely) and from manipulation (meaning everything between rational persuasion and coercion).9 9 Blumenthal‐Barby, op. While persuading the target messages passed through nonverbal cues are also important. 5 The Tactics and Ethics of Persuasion 85 B. Social proof offers us validity and feasibility for our decisions. This will show two categories of ethical theories: objective and subjective For highly critical audience if conclusions are drawn it may give a sense that certain opinion are being pushed on them. The characteristics of the people or group of people to whom message is delivered is an important determinant of effectiveness of persuasion. This technique involves making a request and reaching an agreement, then the terms of agreement is changed at the last minute. Because both communication and ethics are tacitly or explicitly inherent in all human interactions, everyday life is fraught with intentional and unintentional ethical questions—from reaching for a cup of coffee to speaking critically in a public meeting. 2. In self-perception, a person examines his behavior in a particular situation to know why he acted in a particular way. More recent studies have led to development of new models and insights on the methods of persuasion. Not only individual personality traits but the social group to which an individual belongs to also determines how likely the person will be persuaded. 0000000946 00000 n In this persuasion is done by giving facts and logical arguments. This understanding is important for a civil servant as he has to deal with peoples from different socio-economic backgrounds in varied circumstances. 0000002449 00000 n For example- Persuasion against drunk driving- Between 2008 and 2017, 76,446 people died in 211,405 road accidents nationwide due to consumption of alcohol or drugs (cognitive message). 0000002030 00000 n Convergence of ethics, persuasion, and technology. Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, ... Value = Degree of Importance of Something Particular. Learn as much as you can about those you will engage. Reactance may even lead the target to behave in exactly opposite way as desired by the source of persuasive message. 1. 3. The end result of successful persuasion is change in belief, emotions and behaviour of the target group. This increases his persuasion power over the target as his credibility is increased. Self-perception and cognitive dissonance results in two situations – insufficient justification and overjustification. I review the evolution of public relations ethics, the current state of practice, and the thoughts of ethicists. When a human being is the object of the attitude, the cognitive component is frequently a stereotype-the mental picture we have of a particular people. That involves telling people about the limitedness of the opportunities or items, so that they are aware of its scarcity. And advertising means a mode of communication between a seller and a buyer. Persuasion is a process of inducing change in ideas, beliefs and attitude of other persons or group about some issue in a predetermined direction. To assess intent, you can examine a persuasive product and make an informed guess. 0000001832 00000 n ��U�-�*aF�1(;���\C�c܈O8vn#ν��?F�g4�̎���ݼ)(�E��Z,ĝJ=B0���3��f�ݵ�dڻ(�y�>����;��/UHC�`xs|��Sa���������)Ճ����&��C���B㋌����&���$ 4��$�.�P���v�M�k�$�Ck�J0����͞�}i'��9�K)���"s2!����gQ�¥�6Ql{^�8��:-$�&�t�f�B�߹��Uqd��x� �sfRd��h�׺�y�_��'���ReWֶ$sl�L��{��-P���;v]т���Z3zk�2 ESSENCE, DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS, ROLE OF FAMILY, EDUCATION AND SOCIETY IN INCULCATION OF VALUES, ETHICS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS. 0000005805 00000 n For example- Gandhi ji was a lawyer by profession. Intention – When the target of persuasion knows that someone is trying to persuade him ie. Through the Human Services concentration, you can gain knowledge to help create meaningful and positive change in your community. The crux of the persuasion process can be summarized in “Who says what to whom with what effect?”. The persuader presents himself/herself as a likable person and in a positive light. Active means something that is written or spoken to others. For successful persuasion, it is necessary that the information being passed to audience is received in a form as intended by the communicator, the information is deciphered and processed by the audience, and further, the information is internalized by the audience. It distinguishes two kinds of intelligent human behavior. 115 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 118 /H [ 1098 576 ] /L 222850 /E 13405 /N 27 /T 220431 >> endobj xref 115 24 0000000016 00000 n Two sided messages are generally more powerful in persuasion given that the arguments against the desired position are countered effectively, so as the arguments in support of the desired positions are stronger. Some of the techniques are-. 4. His expertise was law but he was able to persuade millions of Indians because of his trustworthiness emanating from his uncompromising stand on nonviolence, self-sacrifice and satyagraha. For instance –Gifts are given at the launch of new product to persuade the audience to buy it. We explain The Ethics of Persuasion with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers. 53 Ethical Ideology and Moral Persuasion: Personal Moral Philosophy, Gender, and Judgments of Pro- and Anti- Animal Research Propaganda Darcy Nickell and Harold A. Herzog, Jr.1 WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY We examined the relationship between personal moral philosophy, gen- der, and judgments of the effectiveness of materials designed by advocacy groups to sway public opinion … Sometimes even the most potent persuasion attempt may not change the attitude of the target in the desired direction. in persuasion: Everyone knows the appeal or tactic is unethi-cal, so there is nothing to talk about. For instance, online shopping portals use this option to persuade larger number of shoppers. This model is called Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion. It involves voluntary, active, and public commitments. Figure 3. Another similar model of persuasion is Elaboration likelihood model. Discuss ethical responsibility across communication contexts. 0000009444 00000 n Aristotle was the first ethical philosopher who has given the model of attitude change. Psychological Reactance- It refers to state when individuals feel that their freedom is being threatened by persuasion attempts and yet they also have the ability to resist that influence. The message can be delivered only in written form, through posters and picture, through audio or video channels or through impersonal interaction or through a combination of all these. Most effective persuasion technique involves convergence of all three element of ethos, pathos and logos. Understanding of how to persuade different people is needed to ensure that mutually acceptable solutions are reached for complex problems. Scott Adams, in his new book, Win Bigly: Persuasion in a World Where Facts Don’t Matter, forcefully argues for Trump’s brilliance.Trump is proficient in the art of political persuasion; what looks crazy is in fact the work of a “Master Persuader.” %PDF-1.4 %���� The trustworthiness not only comes from expertise but also from proven track record of values like integrity, honesty, justice etc. There are 3 possible ways to reduce or eliminate dissonance-. If someone is forced to make an active, public commitment that they didn’t decide on themselves, then there is no persuasion involved. For instance, advertisements of toothpaste features dentist as they are expert in their field. The more likely people are to elaborate on a message (to relate it to other things they know, which means thinking about it) the less likely they are to show an unthinking, automatic positive emotional response to it. Furthermore, communicators are more effective when they help their recipients feel good about themselves—that is, by appealing to self-concern of the recipient. As the person has made initial commitment there is more likelihood that he will comply with the new terms. But, persuasion through spontaneous or peripheral route is not long lasting as the underlying belief is not changed. Systematic persuasion is the process through which attitudes or beliefs are leveraged by … 0000006672 00000 n This liking is for those who are similar to us, who pay us compliments, and who cooperate with us towards mutual goals. A source may be seen as biased if they present only one side of an issue while completely ignoring the potential problems or counterarguments to the message. Understanding the mechanism of self-persuasion is very important for a civil servant because by creating conditions conducive to self-persuasion, the attitude of the subordinate employee in government organizations can be changed in a favorable manner, thus improving the overall work culture. �/z��iN�v�s�*��L���rT��>����[����u��F1��3T�ٝ��'Z:�\V����O�����.��C|³C\]��s������gyO��I�d��#���?7�ɼ��#�Gd�:$���pV8;�X`���r� �@&�c��8EV*8j endstream endobj 130 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 389 481 556 556 1000 722 278 333 333 556 600 278 333 278 389 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 600 600 600 500 800 722 611 611 722 556 500 722 722 278 389 667 500 944 722 778 556 778 611 556 556 722 667 1000 667 667 556 333 389 333 600 500 278 556 611 444 611 556 389 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 444 389 611 556 889 556 556 500 333 222 333 600 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 800 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 600 278 278 278 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Frutiger-Bold /FontDescriptor 121 0 R >> endobj 131 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 1 /space /a52 /a73 ] >> endobj 132 0 obj << /Length 2695 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream For example- The rural population have more affinity towards nukkad-natak for persuasion while for educated section logical reasoning, facts, figures, researches are more important than emotional appeal. Further, a person can hold two exactly opposite believes or cognitions regarding the same attitude object. As an art or theory of discovering all available means of persuasion for a given situation, rhetoric is morally neutral in Aristotle's view, but as application or practice, rhetoric becomes in varying degrees either ethical or unethical, In Rowland and Womack's interpretation of Aristotle, ethical rhetoric as practice represents a mean between the extremes of pure logic on the one hand and of irrational appeals to … provide strong assurance that the recommended course of action will prevent the dire consequences. Adding information to support either cognition or to support his behavior. People with low intelligence are more susceptible to persuasive communications that have image-based appeal and which can arouse emotions. �����>7d�D���{�j����Zi*������3�W�b���I; In conducive environment, people will listen to themselves and will automatically generate arguments that have personal relevance for them, thus self-persuading themselves. Although, in self-persuasion a person persuades himself, there are certain conditions required to ensure that self-persuasion happens. Explain the different perspectives of ethics in persuasion and how each of them The vast majority of scientists deploy science either in line with their ethics or because of their ethics. Greater the number of channels of communication involved, greater is the effectiveness of persuasive message. When people are convinced that the motivation to change their action has come from within themselves then there is very low resistance to the change. ��� �0�FT�B��i]m�ì��8@�CQe Since Donald J. Trump entered the presidential race in June 2015, commentators have wondered whether he is mentally ill, brilliant, or both. Hold your storehouse in reserve and select only the facts you need. Authoritative persuasion here means that a person with real or perceived high status ... Personhood is what makes us most distinctly human, ... Public Health Ethics. Nevertheless, potential ethical questions exist re-gardless of how they are answered. Definitions will be provided and key areas of evolution and debate within the field will be addressed. Then, making it public. When others witness this commitment, it adds a level of accountability to the statement. Public health communications are pervasive in a way that coercive public health interventions are not: whereas the latter usually come into play only in limited and specialized circumstances, such as disease quarantine and isolation, many, if not most persons are exposed on a regular basis to risk and health messages promulgated by public health agencies. They are more sensitive to situational cues and adjust their behavior accordingly. The degree requires 36 credit hours spread across four successive semesters: Fall, Spring, Summer, and the following Fall. When communicator can motivate people to process the message carefully and thoughtfully, then the communicator is going to be able to present strong and persuasive arguments with the expectation that the audience will attend to them. Thus, the likelihood of elaboration predicts the amount of attitude change. Spontaneous messages are either pleasant or fearful in nature. persuasive intent of the source is known, then the credibility of the source decreases. Recomm… Drive slowly, someone is waiting for you in your home (emotional appeal). The central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ethics in public relations. Psychologists have identified certain techniques which are often used by people to persuade others to agree with them. People receiving such gifts from persuader are more likely to be influenced than others. And there was an argu- ... purpose to influence others in some way to some degree. Addition of additional agreement makes the deal more attractive and more persuasive. Reciprocity involves giving out something which is meaningful, unexpected, and customized. A breakdown of the arguments given in favour of abolishing (or against reintroducing) the death penalty. 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